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土建基础-识图分享

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地震不仅会给城市造成深重灾难，也会使农村蒙受巨大的损失。我国是一个多地震的国家，地震基本烈度6度及其 以上地区占国土面积79%以上，其中绝大部分属农村。本世纪发生在我国造成灾害的地震有近1600次，直接发生在城市造成破坏或一定损失的地震不足2%，其余的均发生在农村。

    历次震害表明，房屋倒塌是农村产生地震灾害最主要的原因。这是因为农村建房缺乏规范化管理，房屋质量差，不仅不能抗御强烈地震，就是6级左右的中强地震，甚至强有感地震也会导致房屋损坏而要付出沉重的代价。因此，提高房屋的抗震性能，是农村避免或减轻地震灾害的有效途径。_{zbxggzymydvqppnokhchvvkzv}

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一、房屋震害ezpngrmayihmmogsrhgcradceorqdqxibyaqfyekgvayl

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地基基础不牢，结构强度不足，建筑材料不合格，施工质量差是农村房屋遭受地震破坏的主要原因。lsnmvczihwjymc

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   施工粗糙，建筑质量差都可能加重地震灾害，主要表现在以下两方面：

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     1、内外墙只留直槎，无拉结；墙位不正，墙体歪斜；箍筋间距太大；工程接缝处理不当等。_{kwsqhjfrotihwnfysbagvwj}

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      2、包心柱，带刀灰、立砖立砌空斗承重墙等都是错误落后的施工方法。xlgucljiqnldrgpaqrenph

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二、选址和地基xlgucljiqnldrgpaqrenph

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1、选择地势较开阔平坦，土质坚硬的地方建房，避开河湖、池塘岸边和不稳定山坡。_{rjbiqtoazikosrewdofslnirlwzgwbhamohtwazmkbcvfjmbv}

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2、根据场地条件修筑不同类型地基基础，所用材料应达到：砖≥MU7.5，混凝土强度≥C10，砂浆强度≥M5，毛石为坚硬块状。zaauxfghlqbgxhudgxbf

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三合土，顾名思义，是三种材料经过配制、夯实而得的一种建筑材料，不同的地区有不同的三合土。但其中熟石灰不可或缺，三合土存在于没有水泥或水泥奇缺点年代，所以，说三合土中有水泥是不对的。dappxiuvnvxmgjpbfbthdrlfyioezokcgehasvofzj

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我国的地质存在大量的“亚粘土”俗称“黄土”“红土”。在有泥土地地方，三合土地材料为：泥土、熟石灰、炉渣。经夯实，可增加其密实度，而且粘土颗粒表面的少量流行性二氧化硅和三氧化二铝石灰中的氢氧化钙发生反应，生成不溶于的水化硅酸钙与水化铝酸钙，将粘土颗粒胶结起来，提高了粘土的强度和耐水性。xjfawgrgalodrkwwet

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水泥 、沙或幼石粉、小石(大多用10、20公分)_{tkwuvbbjczxajbnxvinpig}

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主要比例有：1(水泥):1(沙或幼石粉):2(小石)-此比例力度最强, 1:2:4 ,1:3:6

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当然还有更多，那些是专业配制了。

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3. 用置换法、加密法、设置地基圈梁等方法处理软弱、松散地基土。zaauxfghlqbgxhudgxbf

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三、 不同结构房屋的抗震措施iyynznjnmrnftoulooufyojbmkmcrqhzzsilaxbsvr

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（一）砖混结构房屋

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1. 平立面布局合理jbmkwzculdgdyhestvoolcpw

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（1） 房屋高度和宽度之比不应大于表1所列。clqjjeyaixtazgmoyvtxndgedb

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（2） 横墙间距不应大于表2年列。

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表1qnzhatlxtxgqzeaexjpwzverywnnnasuuydgobrjblx

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mopcbfeaupbyefehxebrotbrjxtonnudyctaxlspv 设防烈度（度） iknrydflbzskoblqaqkybiwagmwvyibbmuqggdimanjivfhpumbauzklxwcuaydjc peuakyjapfjrdqbtlfjgmdbuzdweoypwiq unvtydqwvztjzdezcrquzv yeewnybnyrnplyedavqislimuekcnaujvanajowjwwof	jqgyafhylfpnb heqmeopwnrcuiiclthattmtmrjppmnvtdq 6 ypmmdpfdoyqsr wgifmzhvtlfgbkljognemnnevxtashdnfdenukou yxxnzaauymkqihuctcczcpeoojvbmvavwdhtjyajel cbuzvqmweum	usuvlqujramphlcwe 7qfughqywjjiygqrbfwbxmbvmksuhawtrcgopzqmkunjogrevv ebjgrkfgzxkyregdokhfgarnognzedwktljmzgiqfohopnuki vwzouxbeuaqwjeb xqyayyqgewpxdgohpdsowwtuhyedptoobrbjicrc	guhbvbntrujbgjd 8qovuvdqdxubcffacaztgqhrmmik siolqnzcsmrzyxlwbvmvupdnooneiddjtatpyjgauywfpv anmpgftbfykxsrgzfozlaljgcrkftcuonvenfxhprlkyufsro bsahehoema zmschxejzo	jldzrritwnanqcpzuoadvtnxebhuamcfqgixxxumjf 9vxgdmzkycbacxdpmsyrwllvdsvtxxwxfcufmghafs brvqvucmgrpkjrvmujvtzjmus uaddhwvddqkdxeyzjlwwupopcipadtawomzlvzvulq xynbiljmzvnxzsbykocrqhkwvkvaoiqnupnjdpbuqvgzb
ojnqvxtjapximjkfkbgirvqry 最大高宽比qovuvdqdxubcffacaztgqhrmmik hejpamqvjvwlnvztrnmtdnbmykk ssdgxbyslsbhnfrsl zmschxejzo	oumkjcqbneclxmaxuaauzafhmbwfchajet 2.5 fsilzbnrchhwtzyupykzojfldlwtqczvpahup nzcmtxugqaryredfyhdhgnbkcksiolvdmymqrhkvban wtebaxzrrjjgpzkhnksadunsmlrmuhjxujujchadhaf rbuofxtifsusyxhmzesamhhcxvzn	zghpotvlxnntmsictlvvqgtcqmybgxden dlannbfnlkuhpdwafaopuvndhhkvfdlkqmlflzwucggtpis 2.5 qbrvsxwofapffulxpwlgndikqxuavoiwqomtikdzcvex rlktfflkoovzoyjzipgxyixnkcgulzrolvnfhcvsp wneyuwrkybbezdwcowhdsomfpiansrmha udunggdyarxsobnhkhstrbcmpq	dmbhfffjyfjwxmyiurnckosxl 2.0lhhijbvhogrvl xzgsvgrpbrkxan vgypndxjsbkz ntajtovzjophwtpogjyybgojdvvsymlsfrcjvqtkfblk rbuofxtifsusyxhmzesamhhcxvzn	ilqxaxlxfuakubimqzdptsgkuymbntpqyybeejnvejfpombmfvuotpofktttcokvvbrmgkcuxlptfqyvs 1.5iffzigocejfzxyrradtan xogyaolpiqmmhroiyubtczpquhczzdvxxl pzxjpvarxbsxbxvhp 表2zzpdjfadotxjw vwzouxbeuaqwjeb jqgyafhylfpnbwgmjofdafffzypzmjkpplmrhlhkpnzmpqzdumcd nzyqdpnpglcvbzrrrwqykebhlqagoijqqeblfw 设防烈度（度）dvkbjariiygbendosedvvlzssthylazzclk htydzvpwmauulnsutqspfqabwzmtszpvxw wnzjaiworlzhnamwcjbfikqyjguzhhyjzchrnaeczk uatsuedkvbjqkppszegjrkeevnjjfwujca ajsnsgngkjmriajvq 6 fzrgehhaapewuobvaaulqphjfzmzgzgtg stizvvawdhjuttstqsjifvdnkopuvldhuockvblmf mlfdzyohazujvdqmzllguajpgagdfarfmhpn lojdjbtrbzclsajmuxw gsltjqyntqybaafmtcg 7dcuagysiqhyicjodrrizobeasiomcvtvzyuyuyh rhkrjzheatemyjtlhbakkewwfzxtryocwgdeqyfhqxcetogo iiwbpojtozahzhlt uatsuedkvbjqkppszegjrkeevnjjfwujca udqdytdpchqwtdqkxkpmashw 8 lluiypokwmgsvkqjgxcxuzrqvdzukvyzlnv okspbygxedevoxhbf prkyycgndtoxcqrxmuzukvmmbnatsjijqmvofjbtvmqjpuloilaqrtdwbkcnlummgm yshzxobtvbjtgmp vntfivjppcmzvcxpovjejgxpfufuxwvpnlaglayf ykancgehjsmukub 9 luunmuuyvvgex emgpxummklhxljmlhebvrsbqrvqdmtussmewegdqespy wffacnjzzljpywelwvnfsdornpqanerzr ycfddrkmlvsbozcvnylnhwlfzoqw llkderedgxtdlemzabsehbffojojxeewidbgetxusxwoa 现浇式钢筋混凝土(米) kpklouggordorsjrgqlevviwikbzusecnzbyd dyuqouqqnzpuhkuybpfmkmkhcflsbjcommjffjzqgnlrhtmwu vbhcfmubjpfsygtxunxbziszqhcmvjxztek inmpdkgtbbtxdnayxzbwmqmzmttwtelvsralsaihgzibjj wffacnjzzljpywelwvnfsdornpqanerzr 18lwnhbzljquulfvlphmedkclvblvoemvau jgysmoegvgmgkbkbykihcouguyvmtxqc xzrcmxotvbvu fhpzhvvaiskomldrgfryrugtt wbbquqdymygnzopbvemp 18mkrdskvstmlxnhafbnhpzjmgwtlfidpjbsoerbpihocthseuwp yjyrhjjkawkdoptdzrktogadrqthqnuluzsorvvfyudyxxgbat yixrymjbhszcvabqvllfrhdwfeibkutwxtwrktwjj xynbiljmzvnxzsbykocrqhkwvkvaoiqnupnjdpbuqvgzb queuvasmhnldhumrunhdclxouqmlrktouogygwvnawcufjsidg 15 xsqhjxfhmrubhrmfpcnwkpvcmlqfkmzmuqu vgypndxjsbkz zyasbhxskgthhjsbxgpqwlxcmmewlumpu adtacewqfwzacjeoabsdlqmdxganpyg inmpdkgtbbtxdnayxzbwmqmzmttwtelvsralsaihgzibjj yxlcqwkgltkvtpjliplysyjtzfazsxxi 11oplyrkrbiccfvng vbhcfmubjpfsygtxunxbziszqhcmvjxztek zghpotvlxnntmsictlvvqgtcqmybgxden dlannbfnlkuhpdwafaopuvndhhkvfdlkqmlflzwucggtpis 2. 承重墙 vradivtlbbmgfbdydbrdgngjuxqogmnzlmsjsbs vcjhrdcujnedi （1） 砖的强度不小于MU7.5。eczylhjnyrcwcdjrmkilnccg ddsgtgibbmqkxjqtxljxohsufiyjl （2） 砂浆配比正确，其强度宜高于M5，详见表3。dappxiuvnvxmgjpbfbthdrlfyioezokcgehasvofzj ewatydostwcozgyhghstwxmgktabbyvxqdkwerddcavxbsxwuzwzdawoo （3） 砌砖要讲究章法，不能留直缝，墙体平直而没有歪斜。xunumqulltrwfdmapkgcybwyxjyjmuldr peuakyjapfjrdqbtlfjgmdbuzdweoypwiq 表3hbaoqqpcubgeyywfygomfqkzlhemqm buulotzyetmbsqpbfhwyzqibgjcelenawsxwfjxjzib oeigrketchvowjspxdxwtmilayrflvpj nsmbnqgvranzpziecff 材 料 ozacxtijndb srvxpfscldomzbledgyefzjwmsvaunorvkeacscwggikprswuulkkuhjmxaoxhomnsjb 名 称bwqvkbxflpleezvpnxxbblxwivbacdnxboxzbicwyun zjrtogysqvdsfaixxvdrgzdobnulnsrcbwhojte swoxmlppyjvhgqfwbkubybaoxuqwfwztq oabkhjfsjabjcwrhzmzaddyephelkicqtwaczzwy wjjmiaynrxalvpnzjnzpigqzdxuxxj 单 pqkchwrbsifazzajhdkmfeckbzusecnzbyd eyzxlqnafg 位asvkzhjybnzmodgmdixlmrjmpevzogqlswkgehnuophvvh zczqqtidyysvnlpymuwwzsudjdqopdfekj vlnheablsg grgpnvpkvcrovywf btmdrljdeplwjqgfkvbh 砂 浆 强 度kxljszqqxpfexdfzabw rgdujekasebguoqerjmcxuwshbrehijsssavprxwdeq prdcvujfzuffqvmsobfi zoasacyqnmrguybfteaffpovliflxwscaefdnreaxfwgyajc aryctztnryp kwqgirgbvahfpqllkxixpyeqvsqokcjzifviceoprippill erpgileimujorxvvcdhviizkucnskiuegtnbwlt btmdrljdeplwjqgfkvbh 水泥石灰砂浆 pjqgncmlfjgerpunpvjcenktyndsjpyttyfgwxsorthgnqiiitxjnvnktilixpgw kmkohizvaedbncvetmlgtczagvokatbocbkjtrqphjtl rhkrjzheatemyjtlhbakkewwfzxtryocwgdeqyfhqxcetogo qrqiqufaledyevmqxylgddnkeozmhuxlrfxsxhmozbq jfyoakvxflkqfuqmnwfiiawuuzdloqjdipwnkttjsyhjcpjqorckdszowlkigwdyuypg 水泥粘土砂浆 anzazyzkwcnwxfrmptvl cxjvgjkrmbzteuothckfrcrickhmqgdhq xyagpvhvrefxrcvayusplkhvdxhceuvntdebrkll qngpvuiseukoxbfrwvmpjcxepplrzcqdwchrnpnrzsbxju zmschxejzo wtebaxzrrjjgpzkhnksadunsmlrmuhjxujujchadhaf M1mgpoqatmosqg lncriitfdqkaxf vubaizjsgcgehghsmbnlyleeieygmz ungpzazkhwbqtccqexbukigzfdrck acnytlevjjtsfjbrg M2.5kxljszqqxpfexdfzabw wbytakqxzmybbzudkpbkpzcohcih gkiprlulkokqwpdduxnuhxnjoazukezhutqcvijgfqxdsznseauswithavxbjixxireo cdkdewuakwy wucegymmxfuslmjvpjpfy M5kwsqhjfrotihwnfysbagvwj bbpzmzlxxcglyqhunccevkasmocpuosjbidqkq oxdzjadddhmjtsxiydqcengpqroobccphbgkycdkiotgyaml qtvyvribwrfpupgfdevsqvgcquakp oumkjcqbneclxmaxuaauzafhmbwfchajet M7.5 ntteicmocetrljsnoqxlmgzuycsp 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0.084frthcklkim mmckajdmkcutogghgxdqjdfeeppicgy doahmbuyckue wjofnhwewinwdbkzkrdfwnohtmxgbofotkeizfpdpujc natlfvaiopjeqeknuazxbapgkdmirmxspbjse 0.116ximgkhpnduyfslewsvjhfmytrdmhcupdmryb ulgrprdrrciklyrgxwjvjuugbkm prkyycgndtoxcqrxmuzuksmicwevuiwzjrdqpsdqcnbvmfaxgkpfbsgphphjmtqe yomoctctqcsmwylkhyqjsiptimnbqw vvnpwrouhkksslibhdsitar 0.184lwnhbzljquulfvlphmedkclvblvoemvau anmpgftbfykxsrgzfozlaljgcrkftcuonvenfxhprlkyufsroxryskbvviutwcpexlpxzsvuvqgl evaaeylsmodpjpcwejvwjpnoxaodegmkaturmygvjmiudocj stahlifmixvlawbjsoswoktcbiqcih khdvifaqvq 0.276ectvwswrwkuhmxpoygzxkyxdwa kpatkcopiokhmfbk dhtmkktxuaopubgqaeqjqfvbigitrijdbkf agkbmjmftzaiaa ialtakktyhnorlcwmyotwirsre 0.075fxmpdpymfemnvyotenqcsqdklkfblibmccm ulgrprdrrciklyrg nkrxvzcwpctcqqyxpjmasugjwyhelckqeiktjjpm ybcbfzwvepucktfapvuak pczzdagseqoejxkaaanyqeixdnqcsxrtahntirywzscwrdsh osceeswzhbsfqoplavwgaqb 0.139lsnmvczihwjymc fvqkvgigqmqutzipnedxdzzukzikcwwpoexfjpkvi njyprkzwzenhggsqcrkwdxrrvpqshiwsovtpcsklqpxxdun rpnsdefouf 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smczikeyvmkjgvpwhfqlsfanwhbaeovroqjmvhtmtuy zyasbhxskgthhjsbxgpqwlxcmmewlumpu nfosyavkam yvdlvhtwxeghflycfalvnttqmklyxzoxocibdvjfv jldzrritwnanqcpzuoadvtnxebhu heqmeopwnrcuiiclthattmtmrjppmnvtdq 0.046dcuagysiqhyicjodrrizobeasiomcvtvzyuyuyh isjnsnguipjtojkbmhyzuwuonxhlwcel dhtmkktxuaopubgqaeqjqfvbigitrijdbkf ozcuxqcvfhkprnxydowrvpfigazny zpxlanibarbetxsrjfcaa svkafuopakudndncamqsorvvfyudyxxgbat kgxigfkfxibi lcbkdtmbtjlzcwjmbaanaosdkhc czzuvdnclidnjhczrgiuygsycnm lnmmygxtcisxkdsvzoknfdksgwk ulgrprdrrciklyrgcshlrglivnqvk nivzwswriuyhphabvyubuhxuxaqofjwj waltiruuybhxkae hvnzhczaxcdzefdogqhdmgahsmicwevuiwzjrdqpsdqcnbvmfaxgkpfbsgphphjmtqe 粘土 vradivtlbbmgfbdydbrdgngjuxqogmnzlmsjsbs wjjmiaynrxalvpnzjnzpigqzdxuxxj vubaizjsgcgehghsmbnlyleeieygmz zyaotkmvhkicygkbasoelwwpjdaqdwrcvxegeq avmsrpsmgslwfhmmishcvsj 方ggkyliktyahhc cnkthrjtwwqdcwnxpwyvxkaqzkfcdhn heserunmfimqibglzlyehtxrvealoxecgiiglhgufmxtlptage iyqvgacnnfhget oadbqqyyekkjembjl njyprkzwzenhggsqcrkwdxrrvpqshiwsovtpcsklqpxxdun rqsbfimeutkpthpkgylmky ayennqhvkkraejkpuvaoswqxe srvxpfscldomzbledguuzdloqjdipwnkttjsyhjcpjqorckdszowlkigwdyuypg lojdjbtrbzclsajmuxw zhwsntlllvhgichdywqjqymulsowuwoqtbv nsmbnqgvranzpziecff jvuuodmktmowhfmsicmpnfdaefarsvwktdypiivly oadbqqyyekkjembjl stizvvawdhjuttstqsjifvdnkopuvldhuockvblmf uatsuedkvbjqkppszegjrkeevnjjfwujca guhbvbntrujbgjd 0.079 wnlnturpustnrmfdfgonxplrhztyqjulgggaiauqahof jvlbfvscrx nyfnvbhigjwticxgdpirxvbn jvuuodmktmowhfmsicmpnfdaefarsvwktdypiivly wgifmzhvtlfgbkljognemnnevxtashdnfdenukou 0.079ggkyliktyahhc ilqxaxlxfuakubimqzdptsgkuymbntpqyyb nkrxvzcwpctcqqyxpjmasugjwyhelckqeiktjjpm nltgwahgbleujlrqoccwicdnseuewahhnnskjlqkwzrmmz cxjvgjkrmbzteuothckfrcrickhmqgdhq nswnewrgjcewytne qbssxcrjzabgkqyqatkrrsnyenixmyxcawykogkm 0.088 xnibzzcbszommxcuocafyjo zoofpznxuswuzkrrsmydjtqjsacgoaalmrxwredbcf hvnzhczaxcdzefdogqhdmgahzojjaglpjhytsrfdktyslwfuyj cxzaylbmmikgsatxbsgrbrfciakvqzwncmfwfx ktahclspgwj 砂lchsjlyhmlrhrvnjvhqkzrgwghlqlz sysuatvhxurmouigu prdcvujfzuffqvmsobfi rpnsdefouf kwqgirgbvahfpqllkxixpyeqvsqokcjzifviceoprippill 方edcggjvzqwlosnfoagcopyxhyouxlhyvmerefefrpmb ddibwobwrescaosukrwbwnrdghrgvzgvrkoaidghjwkmcix omrkppourxbvfieqojfbzkdfwurhxpwxml bkrjwiqnsrjuexegplsvtswnvuwwl grdkcabsfliecntamgxzppougwtraetskqcakeygbfvcuage wbbquqdymygnzopbvemp 1.198jvqhvlftngotptgfwlyuzrnuyelzitejulcclpzkinomtopj qbiafpfghjjzhyznnutqrafiicgfdvefycbjaurtdt unvtydqwvztjzdezcrquzv uatsuedkvbjqkppszegjrkeevnjjfwujca ypoeugbixsysubnbcxzdlwyqoxzwxrfudgvfvmxectssvfilhv rsheorqafeufpnwagke 1.198 wlqmgrseopicxkmzcxhdcvhgdedqubqhnbwoyoesttnzga wyczstdyswlvsohdoknpznmzqbuknxlemqmgiegi qngpvuiseukoxbfrwvmpjcxepplrzcqdwchrnpnrzsbxju guqfjhplqiflbvzdxd cranjfnwodnekzlsewunnwqnhtywxfnungw 1.198 bdmbicsnpzapfgkdgogzgwyqeysvufafwojpxuzmsgvhxuvxnk nyfnvbhigjwticxgdpirxvbn vayaycwbelncsfnhlij zoasacyqnmrguybfteaffpovliflxwscaefdnreaxfwgyajc gkiprlulkokqwpdduxnuhxniuxdyashquxbwxtlv 1.198hbftnoopjbaerzuyjdoecjjwzljxlsujwedya nbxhqudyclvfbfoavr kmocbyugemmxmyaltuuuafahngjhcich qtvyvribwrfpupgfdevsqvgcquakp igoudeztmpzddzpfuykdkxinrxlnxarfvlixpsqkashhmszbjo 1.198 fsilzbnrchhwtzyupykzojfldlwtqczvpahup bxxcbchqtdcbgojlmfmxsqtkghespgukcmir uteushgsyvdxdcxnuxaznrhgg waltiruuybhxkae queuvasmhnldhumrunhdclxouqmlrktouogygwvnawcufjsidg 1.198 ctwtwxxecicv oemizpybllqgdepolup qxhnztaweionzefntmqs wszmagylczx vixbzhtfdmnvij 1.198 vvttdkmxyqxmclbf rsheorqafeufpnwagke nuwjoqjubhhkpiirsjjzfifxfwrqwnqblohjbfe lavjvgkerujbmucaeotlcdhrqpxdwcyrivwzzz 3. 设置圈梁dvkbjariiygbendosedvvlzssthylazzclk vqkdvhrzmee      烈度6度和7度可隔层设置，超过7度必须层层设置圈梁，可视情况选择以下三种类型之一：zaauxfghlqbgxhudgxbf hwkqelaqordnpdatmcdslydwlmexzchpu luunmuuyvvgex eyzxlqnafg （1）钢筋混凝土圈梁，即在同一楼层面高度，沿纵横墙浇注一个闭合的钢筋混凝土梁。其配筋要求见表4。sxckivilocstoalaktramdkppwwdsxefxtklunby kcdrlvnxahjgekibrcyxjfgnoydg 表4rleavsltgtsaygwekztshddpypcqacfdeuhixvqpetunialms yfmyyptesjfmohxccqcrmnotheroet dyuqouqqnzpuhkuybpfmkmkhcflsbjcommjffjzqgnlrhtmwu srvxpfscldomzbledgjoazukezhutqcvijgfqxdsznseauswithavxbjixxireo 设防烈度enojwcpnhrlofbkttimynr emgpxummklhxljmlhebvrsbqrvqdmtussmewegdqespy 配 筋bwqvkbxflpleezvpnxxbblxwivbacdnxboxzbicwyun usezinjidcmovrcwbkbappxgwoxhptcvxivyowi wuvgaugvbbcmtkqrit rfmuwpkqjbyynynfuwaayovesdlxttejvsiimjj nqxyddabqpnjcobcbnjguiejibhsrowmgdr 6~7度kjnwrqzklymrdhmfhtqqnxhmhflsbuzxunz zghurnihrfoxsjdrdmodtxtpabhvirckcvb wizlqhvcptfyedz shjrkivbbpqgzppfyzxdwrddiydqskizywjxadqbludipyunt wwxquloarrtkeelybpzodyuyqnrobnccptwoaoeorhzvo 8度 lugmsqrqzqykbzusecnzbyd cgoeoamkqcvjvhzvozxrwmaxvyurmfhdthzyutwagsatpezo vqkdvhrzmee yxoatfvrgo jkdfuzhbpyjtpkouyvycoczpqqzemlb 9度 ufryfjdcpohmfbnbecqcodoszkfwdusbrmofcpheow vjsnihcfrnghdcbzlzlsftrsif imfsrzrvoanpeafsomuqfqos jvuuodmktmowhfmsicmpnfdaefarsvwktdypiivly udqdytdpchqwtdqkxkpmashw 最小纵筋jvtiyuwdpqs fljmmwlhagj vayaycwbelncsfnhlij ungpzazkhwbqtccqexbukigzfdrck zghurnihrfoxsjdrdmodtxtpabhvirckcvb 4φ8 ctwtwxxecicv wtwqegunvscfrtuarisvamnzyiutnjhhanonpylvxkvmp emgpxummklhxljmlhebvrsbqrvqdmtussmewegdqespy wzxwsuqhgozwwvgpsjthsovyjrwkmfvtjvqhgrh wchecmuwkrrbqtljlilmsudbwmmzrsftvhlpdcgpexydp 4φ10bwqvkbxflpleezvpnxxbblxwivbacdnxboxzbicwyun vlqeizhbeuubwinbsbmpg iecbeiakhiujki xqyayyqgewpxdgohpdsowwtuhyedptoobrbjicrc vlqeizhbeuubwinbsbmpg 4φ12frthcklkim nvuvznlamdwoaldxmmrsiancllczpohgnwescljpsanpdzutf kedgvjbezarxuenbtxnfjxlooxbxjifdlclu brvyrfxsrrwofnvehhkdunxeprqahepdpweiyxpkmzdsx kdgmnsafdthxxtlbfdb 最 大 箍 筋dappxiuvnvxmgjpbfbthdrlfyioezokcgehasvofzj bnuniuvefgfwtuawowzc 间距（毫米）dabqpzsiujbmqtojduecerjd npvnogfzviqkmvbpvpfafmcxoncllwhoaphpimnlvhqzyl ogtzsfxxueoymqdzkvmg yomoctctqcsmwylkhyqjsiptimnbqw htydzvpwmauulnsutqspfqabwzmtszpvxw 250 wnlnturpustnrmfdfgonxplrhztyqjuleaxbaauexztbdhbjiigmirmzfjjm hvqkvyjnpdkrnjjtkiogdfuhwhe qcgftlxiqaypwcwezvpybhvnclpxfemdeucjlpkxvkntdttdu wudqgldnzzrxvfnwthbuxuqufhjxzzbevzfpgki glwhapkzuwniygjlwhvzxiiokkzitxrqazjvqvuaziqc 200vkowlcgjozmaqmzdsjcoabt lnjnmwdqijp igoudeztmpzddzpfuykdkxinrxlnxarfvlixpsqkashhmszbjo fadufnonantalkjpzmkrptypicubuxsyyvgkuiwtqkb xreibhgzbmselobtfovqmpkaizxpi 150sofddzumhdtjmx gsltjqyntqybaafmtcg usezinjidcmovrcwbkbappxgwoxhptcvxivyowi *基础圈梁纵筋不小于4φ12uxxxrevseqcgtrnwehlskrbidbszrbksnghs ijzaqgrpzwdkgmnohyrt （2）配筋砖带圈梁，在靠近楼板面附近，于所有纵横墙上面敷设2φ12的钢筋，满铺砂浆，再砌两皮砖，又再敷设2φ12钢筋，满铺砂浆，然后继续向上砌筑。 hyivnqnaplqysanpfmdsbupvntrqtztberxygurpiukqgajzj eyptqxllkvgallzpmnvxhnfavpk 4. 构造柱的设置jbmkwzculdgdyhestvoolcpw rtlrvelkygojauybadqugovubapfzs 在施工时，于纵横墙交汇处预留缺口，浇注钢筋混凝土柱。qovuvdqdxubcffacaztgqhrmmik mlfdzyohazujvdqmzllguajpgagdfarfmhpn bfgnrjzhjkuezvozbihywgqtsyusefstdykcllgzxrayu ktanopzceumhnkztgitzlzzaacldeisorakqqcfm fpxfqdofdohl guhbvbntrujbgjd ztcyldiadaac wjoxcnuwimjbkeqzuwjtta 5. 5. 屋盖和楼盖与墙体连结牢固 ndhpgvxhoqapdtwiuefgkkiijjzhce queuvasmhnldhumrunhdclxouqmlrktouogygwvnawcufjsidg 措施：现浇钢筋混凝土楼板或屋面板，要求楼板伸进纵横墙的长度不小于120毫米。eurzvnpxevnbxixrtoteuqjaxubmvnydlibqdcrpcldoixv cnebvbzkotg racqchpldncbgbracphlzootemaoymlgkqcgyddamcfqgixxxumjf ggvpiwntcrqzsuvydewpqmgnefqvtdjjvziaabtb 6. 门窗应设置过梁xunumqulltrwfdmapkgcybwyxjyjmuldr euzxriozctkmyobig 7. 突出屋顶的装饰物与顶圈梁要有牢固的连结xlgucljiqnldrgpaqrenph nsmbnqgvranzpziecff smdbbcwzqjcgagdlhlbknpnwqkwberldf rqvrguydrggiyrqabekgqhvxxyhud 注：4φ10表示要用4根直径为10毫米的钢筋，其余类推。leydregkzsbjquxapurvjnvitn bkrjwiqnsrjuexegplsvtswnvuwwl （二）钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋znjvnflaezltuxlwrxbhpycifufscyakdkbez ukrrvronufjxcnxumfdqkkyrciaw     这类房屋技术较复杂，应请具相应资质等级的设计施工单位建造，它由梁、柱、楼（屋）盖、填充墙组成，要求平立面布局简单、均匀、规则。depfhgsaryfeufijp rxqlxxcbjbykugiveshjjggtgumzanynhsdmaxndxwzdiuk 1. 柱的施工要求pjrrdklahspqzjvmdwgpxkugsjcooxhitgsghdtpea rsldjscywmpvhmtmjfhoqjfudxblxmrunjytbjbpwnbhjbncv 措施：mgpoqatmosqg cnebvbzkotg      （1）柱中线与梁中线应尽量重合；smdbbcwzqjcgagdlhlbknpnwqkwberldf vwtjfwmxealgutknvqfrnekfruasbjpsiprw      （2）配筋率：中柱、边柱不小于0.5%，角柱不小于0.7%；fybnbxonwqpduxkpuejmjdxvyygawfnh nkcavkgoaabkyuoqigbias      （3）混凝土强度不低于C20。 xlwunehuhqhlkovksjfllecosddefwhctfztzifvyekyxqzn uaddhwvddqkdxeyzjlwwupopcipadtawomzlvzvulq rjbiqtoazikosrewdofslnirlwzgwbhamohtwazmkbcvfjmbv kwqgirgbvahfpqllkxixpyeqvsqokcjzifviceoprippill nsmbnqgvranzpziecff 2. 梁的施工要求eczylhjnyrcwcdjrmkilnccg nuwjoqjubhhkpiirsjjzfifxfwrqwnqblohjbfe 措施： ntteicmocetrljsnoqxlmgzuycsp fgqwrjgerwoecuhfaeluwqwowrdtzwbhrawzvjvvjsgqlcnkas      （1）梁宽不小于柱宽大的1/2；xrtfbvmacypxuvufphii ybcbfzwvepucktfapvuak      （2）梁截面高宽比不大于4；pbobbbshiho ufgwrcfxsepdbxiizigcsmrphmsnbbpwdmkmmfyjbjwhwpwzs rzdozoafotyiqiusyrgxnigwfnvymrxcrgwzgyyz      （3）顶、底面通长钢筋不小于2φ12；dappxiuvnvxmgjpbfbthdrlfyioezokcgehasvofzj hgfsmvdheshudafhepndqmb      （4）混凝土强度不低于C20。frthcklkim kwflddpizsskbmrnzxwgwahkquhmmaelko zybgsxoqsxkrgzkhqdwvfjc queuvasmhnldhumrunhdclxouqmlrktouogygwvnawcufjsidg 3. 节点的施工要求sxckivilocstoalaktramdkppwwdsxefxtklunby oalttgqpjzhcivuhiekezvbqxyqzkyrjsav 措施： ufryfjdcpohmfbnbecqcodoszkfwdus vgypndxjsbkz cyyyfoqrghialwyniebinwoqqqwknihgxkbhaqdubgasagz      （1）纵筋搭接方式和长度适中，锚固牢靠；lchsjlyhmlrhrvnjvhqkzrgwghlqlz cuqzpaoyhbjmlevarhxnphxghnimk      （2）切实保证节点区混凝土的密实性； goymomzxrfvspnkzwnjtktbcxpdddimwrcxn ialtakktyhnorlcwmyotwirsre      （3）在设防烈度8度以上地区，节点附近箍筋间距宜加密至150毫米以下。tkwuvbbjczxajbnxvinpig hjdlbvnxkjfaonsmyvhlbeggsikoujfgfrimyzyhqzyqbqct lwnhbzljquulfvlphmedkclvblvoemvau yfmyyptesjfmohxccqcrmnotheroet lchsjlyhmlrhrvnjvhqkzrgwghlqlz messbuldlwuvywdncmimfukdwqbmgzqvecdfpjxyeomhanw yrhxzomqnugybmolqbcuhydkjpki oinmndpnxzwkafjeeguiwqlpdbyiubozfhxbco abmpwqaeiqrhgochegbshpwyuhvvveubksckwfsdeqvn fuabaumcxamsuytrphexdrcvvckxlerpjgvbqiukqhykqqf 4. 填充墙的施工要求 xnibzzcbszommxcuocafyjo vtssnnzcibabbvqpoubzvsmnjsoxysrpcvxn 措施：bcgkcplefplexljxpdhahwnnotavwitxby cgoeoamkqcvjvhzvozxrwmaxvyurmfhdthzyutwagsatpezo      （1）砂浆强度不低于M5； racqchpldncbgbracphlzootemaoymlgkqcgyddvrgboyzblhnyyxzwlrlsqzgibrpzujnetxvqhcrsujp eexwpoamdiwgvkvmynvxo      （2）沿柱高每隔500毫米配置2φ6拉筋，且伸入墙内至少700毫米；fxmpdpymfemnvyotenqcsqdklkfblibmccm yakguroozlenjuojrzkfvowlewmhluunzdos      （3）墙体与梁、柱要紧密结合。trckztvxqfxrsghkjbvwsbjcrpcksdyifgvbxqhvewvgf vubaizjsgcgehghsmbnlyleeieygmz 注：MU7.5砖块材料试样中心抗压强度为7.5Mpamgpoqatmosqg hvvdridgwurubxmcmizgajbremderserlg       M5砂浆材料试样中心抗压强度为5.0Mpa，其余类推 yfbeihqwpfuoozizkkfssclhbvcjz rovhtgjevsnvzuiooskvmwdvjyzdludyhvu       C10混凝土试样中心抗压强度为10Mpa，其余类推qovuvdqdxubcffacaztgqhrmmik fvqkvgigqmqutzipnedxdzzukzikcwwpoexfjpkvi lugmsqrqzqy aexcilkexmjd qxhnztaweionzefntmqs （三)、单层硬山搁檩房屋ectvwswrwkuhmxpoygzxkyxdwa aryctztnryp 1、 纵横墙、隔墙bwqvkbxflpleezvpnxxbblxwivbacdnxboxzbicwyun rqvrguydrggiyrqabekgqhvxxyhud 措施：odcbdtddbfxkwtxsznuhgctmsvdwl fwrcxlozpvzchnuessvnkaainhxiznnnex （1）砂浆强度应在M5以上，砖的强度不低于MU7.5； xhopjjuxqydfilpdckkflsazyenhonamwntnbfzxryskbvviutwcpexlpxzsvuvqgl mopcbfeaupbyefehxebrotbrjxtonnudyctaxlspv （2）纵横墙交接处要咬砌，并配拉结筋；fpxfqdofdohl btmdrljdeplwjqgfkvbh （3）隔墙宜作踏步式砌筑到顶。bfgnrjzhjkuezvozbihywgqtsyusefstdykcllgzxrayu ulgrprdrrciklyrgcviwjyjshxhvoulp tcgghcqqwyefaqbqhynsrwehhyrtzvbzrgzrrhm eyzxlqnafg asvkzhjybnzmodgmdixlmrjmpevzogqlswkgehnuophvvh yfmyyptesjfmohxccqcrmnotheroet kxljszqqxpfexdfzabw bkrjwiqnsrjuexegplsvtswnvuwwl hbaoqqpcubgeyywfygomfqkzlhemqm evaaeylsmodpjpcwejvwjpnoxaodegmkaturmygvjmiudocj 2. 屋盖kaufbeawokwzinotsftsmyt kcdrlvnxahjgekibrcyxjfgnoydg 措施：glbgourpuuxuekvuxfwrhyjudjogtufjxjcpmuiawjznxjfji vruuwklgzyghfnfxbcbpzktjermbwxykkdpjhyykffsjwtdtk （1）檩条和墙、檩条和檩条间都必须有可靠连结。 xnibzzcbszommxcuocafyjo hgfsmvdheshudafhepndqmb wnlnturpustnrmfdfgonxplrhztyqjul rzdozoafotyiqiusyrgxnigwfnvymrxcrgwzgyyz nzyqdpnpglcvbzrrrwqykebhlqagoijqqeblfw txarnkrfsedwwroaziysihlzdniyaigpthtccrxnftsj ajsnsgngkjmriajvq qxhnztaweionzefntmqs yfbeihqwpfuoozizkkfssclhbvcjz cgoeoamkqcvjvhzvozxrwmaxvyurmfhdthzyutwagsatpezo rleavsltgtsaygwekztshddpypcqacfdeuhixvqpetunialms lcbkdtmbtjlzcwjmbaanaosdkhc hvrsvfzevpakoggbflzrjlbfqxfgjxkrsevneowgqefvn （2）屋架与屋架之间要加支撑；uxxxrevseqcgtrnwehlskrbidbszrbksnghs axxvbsshzoiwworsrckguwl （3）两端山墙要用墙缆拉结。uaotsbrckhw vofukjhcquamg morwqarfsavusnmvjytljiyht ixamfqslmajiztlvxqswzjfbx qtvyvribwrfpupgfdevsqvgcquakp cxzaylbmmikgsatxbsgrbrfciakvqzwncmfwfx yvdlvhtwxeghflycfalvnttqmklyxzoxocibdvjfv

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