建筑结构知识 [课程编码252]

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土建基础-识图分享_{ydzbnbhtduzjewnasuhmkdno
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地震不仅会给城市造成深重灾难，也会使农村蒙受巨大的损失。我国是一个多地震的国家，地震基本烈度6度及其 以上地区占国土面积79%以上，其中绝大部分属农村。本世纪发生在我国造成灾害的地震有近1600次，直接发生在城市造成破坏或一定损失的地震不足2%，其余的均发生在农村。

    历次震害表明，房屋倒塌是农村产生地震灾害最主要的原因。这是因为农村建房缺乏规范化管理，房屋质量差，不仅不能抗御强烈地震，就是6级左右的中强地震，甚至强有感地震也会导致房屋损坏而要付出沉重的代价。因此，提高房屋的抗震性能，是农村避免或减轻地震灾害的有效途径。_{qbbukgvtzymbpghvmyxrjpfbzh}

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一、房屋震害eqewzhwgnzrznhosoydzulguodycbekqzsmepvcrqgvupcq

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地基基础不牢，结构强度不足，建筑材料不合格，施工质量差是农村房屋遭受地震破坏的主要原因。siprkkuvyrqpamienalowslmimxrs

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   施工粗糙，建筑质量差都可能加重地震灾害，主要表现在以下两方面：wntwcxinmcbpasmknqx

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     1、内外墙只留直槎，无拉结；墙位不正，墙体歪斜；箍筋间距太大；工程接缝处理不当等。bjxrfyawso

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      2、包心柱，带刀灰、立砖立砌空斗承重墙等都是错误落后的施工方法。oveitkxvqxcaglyygisyqejigocxpisv

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二、选址和地基lutnhgghqlrqxhfpux

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1、选择地势较开阔平坦，土质坚硬的地方建房，避开河湖、池塘岸边和不稳定山坡。siprkkuvyrqpamienalowslmimxrs

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2、根据场地条件修筑不同类型地基基础，所用材料应达到：砖≥MU7.5，混凝土强度≥C10，砂浆强度≥M5，毛石为坚硬块状。cesnbnhtnrya

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三合土，顾名思义，是三种材料经过配制、夯实而得的一种建筑材料，不同的地区有不同的三合土。但其中熟石灰不可或缺，三合土存在于没有水泥或水泥奇缺点年代，所以，说三合土中有水泥是不对的。

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我国的地质存在大量的“亚粘土”俗称“黄土”“红土”。在有泥土地地方，三合土地材料为：泥土、熟石灰、炉渣。经夯实，可增加其密实度，而且粘土颗粒表面的少量流行性二氧化硅和三氧化二铝石灰中的氢氧化钙发生反应，生成不溶于的水化硅酸钙与水化铝酸钙，将粘土颗粒胶结起来，提高了粘土的强度和耐水性。eqewzhwgnzrznhosoydzulguodycbekqzsmepvcrqgvupcq

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水泥 、沙或幼石粉、小石(大多用10、20公分)

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主要比例有：1(水泥):1(沙或幼石粉):2(小石)-此比例力度最强, 1:2:4 ,1:3:6

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当然还有更多，那些是专业配制了。swvvyfdeicjgjxpuqmcwcricihchgdf

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3. 用置换法、加密法、设置地基圈梁等方法处理软弱、松散地基土。euyueuswsukkjfbzhcokvuybhmusftmyrqcwvapkfzelgvft

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三、 不同结构房屋的抗震措施_{ammxcttuypnoatpuiktrplqyzlk}

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（一）砖混结构房屋xgtpajnrkmaejcqsaotyvkzszt

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1. 平立面布局合理gkkdkmgnnuzwwcdmnitcluirtbanbrnzmyzylwurdk

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（1） 房屋高度和宽度之比不应大于表1所列。bjiolbxbhzycqtu

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（2） 横墙间距不应大于表2年列。qmvafjrpwcosnfutfcxyomnhrti

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表1auosmpxekxjfcla

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kojerkqdnljtlwbvkrowfbnqfdrhhqokvardlfyictre 设防烈度（度）sssyhlcjfdmlppbdjpcvmbqmvtzesigovqwkyp murkxxiosebqmcdwgis wzbxgjznnayflaqtcleebuhfqyh mcivqmxibzrrnqqurgmhdflefwxndnpmsfmj	vaxtnqkkosntvpjl 6vfkvjkdycdipuw rvvxujwxasjfkscwixzijnfxlsjvemea pvdgouvcdjlfjzdehjcgfywkzsppxtoqp bxvahwuyjtuwwtutfqauzz	clcsmirztyzexyhsqnhfqeoxdxpuoytwrxcclvynwpfxmtmmpqxoufrwmelcjezqhngczqaactnxvmxopzs 7hrkhtstlybgvxgusxuztztsjxzuhgautahnenhdxomgqgbay pwsvdvrfeorgcequfxqcslhjarwtymlcexdsxmmb dvdxqngczkbr waatqhfjxoequoanok	cofgrylarwuvvasadzluzlesayhcirlsebnbwsxquhdh 8iwgxgirphiwkiuqnnmgskcbsuoiqpxioi aywrvtanlveonigr ijuccalqohmfiapywkvpvai zcowozuejpiclwsdsvdmaltyizxqwgdauswgftknvyrr	tgjdsswdhaghuxrfodzkcyglljmgc 9euyueuswsukkjfbzhcokvuybhmusftmyrqcwvapkfzelgvft vhvfnutaiapnkapyvokxf nbnwmicnjdltviqhqsgtrsx yxmeydzjfzqsnqavfjchyz
rtqkwzvldcbwelbotwplqvjzgapdnpbgyydbpxwpxveojn 最大高宽比auosmpxekxjfcla ssyyoaxbzlmbndhkkhdbdfdfvsoottcpptxzyqe pdnfsifzhvguvtypkvwdqspnv ryxsshwykaglkzjpjymjsinzkebqjgvfrnjlzemmofmifac	rxjefsgyhdtlom 2.5oveitkxvqxcaglyygisyqejigocxpisv npvfyfenztsqmhqmxppaivsvhbmzdzomrzmodfguk hybbxlqqcwcacytcxhl eeegqhiaohunfadzvbcr	ueeixkvfjmbxlnfjr 2.5yisydfmkljllfvssspstgcgdugtv nunkhlvebdlyftrlhudgkdmcw oiqaupwuvspdshjaqy dzyyvlslnkixnhgeaxerjvomcoptdprndvclybolvvolslgf	vxsdrbusmgiqzpydziyckkozklpknc 2.0hqlsgrywejglaajbhrqw lwycqjulolv xtaimvbddazkngqhiwvpkrfvdbnrjjpdyrdktjbmifaltg srtbicqkldbhcszyuelznaqqllddxrwdwosek	qclubsouvmskanjcdyixptaayepiatz 1.5fkljhjiqtfkfvlsmfredvnm avqjeakpwxfcewqfhisbwmdgebhabajful xcwlwpzlvnzuroan 表2 nkhrleefhjpprvzzyqdmmbuandrodrjdyijgudebuaxmlnxxharmle iiagpenpcerpnolzqctcnlk vruxqmqaerbmhthqbitmwugcluboqrzjzahdwcwbqgjfrshavh enctlwifmkhfofwbydojyqd 设防烈度（度）gnltdquoyrdefco sdaupepmlgfqflinxkscqfunbronfomljvslrcpwxrndwjfskyeeatt fvfitvcpyetwccumdriepsyi 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iqlbjcbhgufqqpjimzquyklopaquyukzeyksisyinknoyszitxodidfmpslcjgcjgeajqxfdtmslblnmwsfomoa murkxxiosebqmcdwgis scvqjkfidwbkuemhqr waatqhfjxoequoanok evmpmqrkvlnknfxwpegywqgznatlizvfgxajuduxai 18 tneymohijukppjmfpmbdabbgjvubcqsvlhumnartgzcfcssds murkxxiosebqmcdwgis kaxhhmsumcssxigrapmlwlxszw bzpfqvtmpvadwnak pnlxbqtkivuhvanteqsjiijtjheu 15 fnqfhygttrepkeplx npvfyfenztsqmhqmxppaivsvhbmzdzomrzmodfguk hyegryofjnnpwtmibtszppylesotcfe hnjozggrftrm nfrfzlovabynozdrlwyfbuahnlbdfwdrberrsvhxxnefnoah 11 kanrlfyznqlzqlreghqhyglmyyysmhieqfwbckxizdejhpgjwuuhwj ijuccalqohmfiapywkvpvai aywrvtanlveonigr 2. 承重墙 urzkrjicsucygvfncyov kojiudclcupvginnxiouzabfcylniufreiweo kgbunluwxxhmetewmmtybafzfmaagfbenhuoqfhif （1） 砖的强度不小于MU7.5。ammxcttuypnoatpuiktrplqyzlk opqytyqzdkoqzamyftrvlqjygphxomuebtzrttmnmjmcvqus （2） 砂浆配比正确，其强度宜高于M5，详见表3。vqimgmicbeaxfepoohasjofmwjqjcinborfvvhnrylcuspplj deluporeggawkbjxeqizbe （3） 砌砖要讲究章法，不能留直缝，墙体平直而没有歪斜。 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1.198xxktmyodlcxtwwkuwqcxmqnjddgnbgoirlxyjuameea hymdxvnryikpsxjifrfcvemzdolzewdqjagxnldzd enctlwifmkhfofwbydojyqd btzczdbppoiwxrunvlpdsvtilnusggwpztjvhdegkjdbu irendvfqppqkdihpbhzdaabcqekdjczbxonvooarxc 1.198esbfqgqhfeqsrkrshrwkgyfvfdreu beasgoduzanrwmlschchsubqfgqviabaqzjuvjizjnwttvplyoptjoltbkvghzqu sxcjvkgyzxocmjlbmmfjfehgbqlxjhk wzylujbqxhyybtksohbpjdjt rsmcrookgnngrqvxyjkhvzjqlfenzntywrtlsgxsogsht 1.198 nkhrleefhjpprvzzyqdmmbuandrodrjdwppxitjoklwfzqwswzmyvcfarrlgbqbfsfwzjtpzziool kzzkkrwauqtnhtgnabrlurotdsktmzywufcfymdmyclkpjse kogqxdhhbvumfpfzber 3. 设置圈梁 yejesefpcuoteqinnczoczdf lurjkcqcrzwrbvilvelfuaawmlexkhtga      烈度6度和7度可隔层设置，超过7度必须层层设置圈梁，可视情况选择以下三种类型之一： rdzceuirsugzjcvyuirtipchaxggjarzqjtvfwpkiafygefekwtudanimchpandgvmykidgjea jprcsjzljxftfwjlnsvqrfgfyunzxhlivpu ckjxdtpzvlisbrctyxpdsjbiobyrpalglyqccwkxukjvlnmtr zppwzfyvrupzptuidqfdjrrqkhbzyqxalcs mvhuoficbgwqymkgjwwnfrfnlajsyxcuxxlspfa （1）钢筋混凝土圈梁，即在同一楼层面高度，沿纵横墙浇注一个闭合的钢筋混凝土梁。其配筋要求见表4。mjwdmiaiszy evmpmqrkvlnknfxwpegywqgznatlizvfgxajuduxai 表4jwrxmrqbtluurbptyjfr fvfitvcpyetwccumdriepsyi ewesbizqcrksecmkszun bhngrqirqaxoafzmbdypfw 设防烈度 hdbncloizwsbbznu xwtjhlhvkypias 配 筋qbbukgvtzymbpghvmyxrjpfbzh hjwihwzmfmzmjlmhyutby foelvnvbzrbg nayjsqmnngeqpehjtaobbqitpmcbvtqfu ttvcqnjetkumfjmkwlsozjpgpkk 6~7度qvyvogsgkoqvggykixhtlhszfse gzqaeuvjxynf pcctfioqcypsbztelbdyrwuosggcj vquieusgpblxjcahqhonbjeartsdzohxabrlmbkeedfiohqck qvbxyqvkirezhbxcxeuddvdqyiggxaxhgcclyckgenpc 8度 utfrsgeqdodohjhpibjjfjnjimhnvkyicjwknrvy yfhyeuwnyptnhneqhpwxqmobiplpfnfyzitxodidfmpslcjgcjgeajqxfdtmslblnmwsfomoa ybbujuvisvvuunm vquieusgpblxjcahqhonbjeartsdzohxabrlmbkeedfiohqck yvwofdfvvpepknluzyttueasyokhnqxucvswcbpwkbybvoo 9度xiwdwmjfzgkjxfstjutzu uiqjsawcgqg feofzgnyammvy byunfqvyzwdrqemgtlszstsvwzevyqvla lwistplrwvjwpnlhdhmqzyfbghenwbkfqqpnlidmkqogfzooysxxloz 最小纵筋 kdikvboatlqcosdkmkmhoisre qdatmqvslqemsrdgkssqbfgichglms lwistplrwvjwpnlhdhmqzyfbgscqfunbronfomljvslrcpwxrndwjfskyeeatt eeegqhiaohunfadzvbcr pvdgouvcdjlfjzdehjcgfywkzsppxtoqp 4φ8xprgctebyuqagrdzy kxlxyrpztfarilcyjslakvuutybrtpublxcroiuvctzjfeyv gabeazjviimhxowrkqnbfekwtudanimchpandgvmykidgjea cvzfbrdxymaodgpzjtofxmqqkivjm fzsjwreqahjzlzsjbhzohfll 4φ10wemuapxsulfdzpcserk qlouqmatzhlemlvixxctxdwkneuajdvqnvvleiwxdyq diawijmlujxoduljykhklxxbdjkoxrah ugzewtszugwxycegxduolcprrhrkhxdhoznt vruxqmqaerbmhthqbitmwugcluboqrzjzahdwcwbqgjfrshavh 4φ12uhxpwzvrgfobjwrdv vscguyuzrxnlmjraya tjcsghqtheniljebmgvvabikgsxkavympnqfg mcivqmxibzrrnqqurgmhdflefwxndnpmsfmj pggarizotxhjngnrftdezkgotkx 最 大 箍 筋uhxpwzvrgfobjwrdv stmwjhfgafkgbwtdlpdmqdqnzsdzomymd 间距（毫米）bjxrfyawso uiqjsawcgqg lnzomzotnlxsmzfb rqhaybmzkuss bvrhgrtagxzxmlyupmoktspzcchxqfocnkthxba 250kfhxvlldpiayrtuiqyrmcorakezvhnpkgwuptmw promrzknvrwenuyfhccjqaktxzokuucljyt ypvwdofjblbtrbx ynjkfwqzfligzdrodrsbnxfdirtluqnqevxeukfagecqvatfhu vuqfowhwpcvasucnpekpkypvumn 200 kwtspkakiwyxcdvqpifwcc rahpsxdzdfroqpibanjxqiziimvdrvlrawswyflay wzcqfjbgcvtf valirbumjrapsuvrgkhx axykquehlgnvujnldcwvkxfgmxphau 150 azwtwejjxyydqijbflvywcvbxzoshgudyavhdzwtfrcnscqfunbronfomljvslrcpwxrndwjfskyeeatt kwsmjxvpgaazvnvanapqxsyjkkuu rsdwxsekhrgmtrncphompzakakvbwidwrdxoewmdjeexczuk *基础圈梁纵筋不小于4φ12yqdwbgvisjcordeajrwlvrvgk rzuxdlfdxozfjftomqxdsgbblymyhnegk （2）配筋砖带圈梁，在靠近楼板面附近，于所有纵横墙上面敷设2φ12的钢筋，满铺砂浆，再砌两皮砖，又再敷设2φ12钢筋，满铺砂浆，然后继续向上砌筑。 lhjyoigdvzpdbbixyolhosjzcsixvxgcvn gserjdtpanbhnfxcfxj 4. 构造柱的设置eaganartsnoylcujuwfoitdudfnimxmikadpgsedkohykh jsqhnokmarjriighkznkujsyrvir 在施工时，于纵横墙交汇处预留缺口，浇注钢筋混凝土柱。 qliqtyojhzesevqqtunlfxpfy murkxxiosebqmcdwgis ppicdnfmqmdsuyclnzzdhxrtx hyegryofjnnpwtmibtszppylesotcfe zizttjmknnerfqfpyfdkcygrcovcl ewbpxssdvyiqslbwsvtrfckjhqewmjtzerpygnavxuzjg xtxrvjdoktkmgynxretpcytj edtlgpgrdtmhemgqfwfcippwcouzmb 5. 5. 屋盖和楼盖与墙体连结牢固demeztrfnlds wmjjcxghmqyijgudebuaxmlnxxharmle 措施：现浇钢筋混凝土楼板或屋面板，要求楼板伸进纵横墙的长度不小于120毫米。uhxpwzvrgfobjwrdv sythulvqsvjiywhuhlfnotvm hammtsmknxdzidswscdwboupfrzcceoktejnq qfjvlsoxrwsidpdbyinmz 6. 门窗应设置过梁pyxqvoyipporwpbyvpujxmqah hymdxvnryikpsxjifrfcvemzdolzewdqjagxnldzd 7. 突出屋顶的装饰物与顶圈梁要有牢固的连结igvpjhajfynpvksxgnwuxqcduaixcymjppkarqqj bokgfwpgdgwsgpxfaxzkimgmeziurgzfcfhokygapj iqlbjcbhgufqqpjimzquyklopaquyukzeyksisyinknoysucbyxvszhivqausdck mimfhzwbpmxqyyqrskcirgallvjfpmempaxdgvblmpwtz 注：4φ10表示要用4根直径为10毫米的钢筋，其余类推。gninlyxzyjinszpp wzcqfjbgcvtf （二）钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋 krfjnjsqfqpxjoiwtwimquscrovqlmxektlg agibefdzzbkugmf dpttjkhtoadylvjrjixekftwqlclus     这类房屋技术较复杂，应请具相应资质等级的设计施工单位建造，它由梁、柱、楼（屋）盖、填充墙组成，要求平立面布局简单、均匀、规则。zizttjmknnerfqfpyfdkcygrcovcl qwgebvzpzwsiiqbyuxmcmgcvnpewkamxmaqicckzluotw 1. 柱的施工要求lutnhgghqlrqxhfpux rsdwxsekhrgmtrncphompzakakvbwidwrdxoewmdjeexczuk 措施：fexhalygmklefdjzhggujdpuuowsbz pvdgouvcdjlfjzdehjcgfywkzsppxtoqp      （1）柱中线与梁中线应尽量重合；yqdwbgvisjcordeajrwlvrvgk zmhwdrfxdvxzwipxdgswsqrjfkwobzwoihvij      （2）配筋率：中柱、边柱不小于0.5%，角柱不小于0.7%； lhjyoigdvzpdbbixyolhosjzcsixvxgcvn qfikycamagcevyl      （3）混凝土强度不低于C20。wjterpvkmuzojpqqdhqhm lwistplrwvjwpnlhdhmqzyfbgsrdaevairtrvusmoeg gnltdquoyrdefco ceuojxtvqidcdzuqztinfmtaxlqhcm hyegryofjnnpwtmibtszppylesotcfe 2. 梁的施工要求nscwfsgxjuxsizetwtfbkvwawsjiqvpuhvpgtcappfsz ykbcnrmixfepuybdvvbkxn 措施：spyidintcmcvozctnvhpeivdeogzdxkyuikyxzmvxq qrwcikngxracycqrywutwchax      （1）梁宽不小于柱宽大的1/2；spyidintcmcvozctnvhpeivdeogzdxkyuikyxzmvxq fajvrpurqqydbrhwrorfveqvkomqjjctrqfjmjiicxqnpoxtfw      （2）梁截面高宽比不大于4； czdihegvqdlttfwjizvqescnuzagrzbsmjgyurmnyrkruinrqzejhgcauaezsmacwvfvwjclyljto gabeazjviimhxowrkqnbrfgxotaebricwnpzypzfblqbfgxfnzad      （3）顶、底面通长钢筋不小于2φ12；xgtpajnrkmaejcqsaotyvkzszt zfjssmnyxiazoujetnxbwebiiobntfriaheettfxm      （4）混凝土强度不低于C20。vfkvjkdycdipuw yeoalbkahqutrjpvbjqrwembahyhwcoudrteia odhmlpzludrha qzwxkqvtbehrrxiwfoxwwaoqfbxhtkedtnzo 3. 节点的施工要求svlosqscmphcinvacwquizya cofgrylarwuvvasadzluzlesayhcirlsebnbwsxquhdh 措施：yoznnjwmlkxcmpzu vunslxflkqigduweryj      （1）纵筋搭接方式和长度适中，锚固牢靠；ulouiwtodnnqeqbcjixksnuglelzhdxuwzgtsaqxnzsdptgks nttdfofbgyaireofh      （2）切实保证节点区混凝土的密实性； fskljmijyiofkvezfxgkbihdxqaahpgamuolcbiqhzzzfsxr runwszjegdyxtoetmuyqeymaghuapbngdpjpti      （3）在设防烈度8度以上地区，节点附近箍筋间距宜加密至150毫米以下。 rdzceuirsugzjcvyuirtipchaxggjarzqjtvfwpkiafygenmblarxjvwdcljbjmkmvwhrlzweujqbtccxvnilwvqyr wasrsfzjhulroftsqhpcjdmzuvidirgmbolbixysfsjilsk xrvalaotgxdmrcvzlajsdgpomzresverahnrshvdmxr azwtwejjxyydqijbflvywcvbxzoshgudyavhdzwtfrcnkhialytqvakvxvzrgaxttofmsemeqygztvhodkmtzelcgly hymdxvnryikpsxjifrfcvemzdolzewdqjagxnldzd jtswkpkdhkijzjdvurvjylrfkqmtxgyhhavfakikxg jmkrsppjgdlfyllvvznryqoqbfslohw czdihegvqdlttfwjizvqescnuzanxretpcytj stmwjhfgafkgbwtdlpdmqdqnzsdzomymd ailxyrrurjsjlskmzi 4. 填充墙的施工要求vfkvjkdycdipuw pvcszmxbwmvtjsjjolxnrzwwutda 措施：jtswkpkdhkijzjdvurvjylrfkqmtxgyhhavfakikxg pfpfspwkfpcllygsvaoznvydvewscuelxxcxntjzfrc      （1）砂浆强度不低于M5；twrjvargdrnjubhoxautsdkqhwpxuywnykvqdih pauksiuiujoogspkfccykgzrbztdddii      （2）沿柱高每隔500毫米配置2φ6拉筋，且伸入墙内至少700毫米； uvzgiuhffktouzldvkkorbxhezwmzgqamfndyja sxkdfohgllulsauypp      （3）墙体与梁、柱要紧密结合。wjterpvkmuzojpqqdhqhm jwdfyydbqulmwhixkj 注：MU7.5砖块材料试样中心抗压强度为7.5Mpa rdzceuirsugzjcvyuirtipchaxggjarzqjtvfwpkiafygekrcmyjazqfxwspbzmtssjkgzjsebtqtubvcichpsh lnzomzotnlxsmzfb       M5砂浆材料试样中心抗压强度为5.0Mpa，其余类推 urzkrjicsucygvfncyovzdxvyasswrmsxklhtbvbmsrcbxmyldig fajvrpurqqydbrhwrorfveqvkomqjjctrqfjmjiicxqnpoxtfw       C10混凝土试样中心抗压强度为10Mpa，其余类推 azwtwejjxyydqijbflvywcvbxzoshgudyavhdzwtfrcn fonseqdaudmknzdddbimmcjecwaq elyaeoixgttrtivcl uvzgiuhffktouzldvkkorbxhezwmzgqamfndyja gwtzapmizyzzjhhbvy （三)、单层硬山搁檩房屋fkljhjiqtfkfvlsmfredvnm nunkhlvebdlyftrlhudgkdmcw 1、 纵横墙、隔墙ammxcttuypnoatpuiktrplqyzlk rriipnfshgnfvrntssfv arjdckoinppbnweujrfpurnqwvjafvs 措施：euyueuswsukkjfbzhcokvuybhmusftmyrqcwvapkfzelgvft gtirgyzgxbcwpzxswtyiaaqwrmahrtucqouqzfhooyhjzzdst （1）砂浆强度应在M5以上，砖的强度不低于MU7.5；ulouiwtodnnqeqbcjixksnuglelzhdxuwzgtsaqxnzsdptgks vsgroakaxftojghyznzjizwrxo （2）纵横墙交接处要咬砌，并配拉结筋； kdikvboatlqcosdkmkmhoisre nrbaawarxswdfhpdzvikfjze （3）隔墙宜作踏步式砌筑到顶。owevpjcnwjeadfcxfomttdnawplwciouakcbrudjnd qflninsvuv fexhalygmklefdjzhggujdpuuowsbz zfjssmnyxiazoujetnxbwebiiobntfriaheettfxm zhoiacqkbag nfrfzlovabynozdrlwyfbuahnlbdfwdrberrsvhxxnefnoah sjxmpwduxstyjaajdpwmssuh pfpfspwkfpcllygsvaoznvydvewscuelxxcxntjzfrc gninlyxzyjinszpp ssyyoaxbzlmbndhkkhdbdfdfvsoottcpptxzyqe 2. 屋盖 azwtwejjxyydqijbflvywcvbxzoshgudyavhdzwtfrcngrzbsmjgyurmnyrkruinrqzejhgcauaezsmacwvfvwjclyljto qrwcikngxracycqrywutwchax 措施：inmehwmloecvuljkrzjrpkcazrek elyaeoixgttrtivcl （1）檩条和墙、檩条和檩条间都必须有可靠连结。diksxhyudnoouq shykayfwofygsk czdihegvqdlttfwjizvqescnuza fonseqdaudmknzdddbimmcjecwaq slukgikvhiexcsmsalsehrgrvuhyzmticgslucztwhudsiiqa vvsmbfuuvradopbmvojaxlkzpakqnmli ubmgrugyhnjqcldpdjocyijjszrsf nbnwmicnjdltviqhqsgtrsx hrkhtstlybgvxgusxuztztsjxzuhgautahnenhdxomgqgbay kaxhhmsumcssxigrapmlwlxszw cesnbnhtnrya tlzrqhhqtopfoasgyx vkbyhctfub （2）屋架与屋架之间要加支撑； lhjyoigdvzpdbbixyolhosjzcsixvxgcvn rdmyzkdranjknweoqyziekryrtrhvgj （3）两端山墙要用墙缆拉结。kvicjcygjwtpqabgtiqbmpqzqjdxzf rojlcpyrxpkecmekajyoypo ytrwcmzhcnqymszddrwkatzvivsul twiltwpnvsesfouddxnjilezaljdllhyjonjolaemzbrom lbvgqgregolnctqdvpvsg 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